Investigating the Asymmetric Effects of Disaggregated Tourism Transportation on Ecological Footprint

The principal motivation for the study is to investigate the effect of tourism transportation on environmental pollution for 16 emerging markets. In the study, which analyses the period 1995-2018, the number of international tourists is classified into three categories as airway, waterway, and land way. Also, the ecological footprint represents environmental pollution. The quantile cointegration test is used, which provides a theoretical basis for exploring the asymmetric structure in the data. According to the results, there is a significant increase in the number of cointegration relationships obtained from the quantile approach compared to the conventional approach. Regarding to the long-run coefficient results, the increase in international tourist transportation encourages pollution. Furthermore, the links between the variables behave differently at the quantiles. In this regard, the evidence highlights the existence of an asymmetric adjustment process conditional on the sign and size of the shocks. Finally, the paper observes that the impact of airway, waterway and land way transportation types on pollution differs across countries.