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Abstract To be accessible for neurodivergent users, interactive technologies must be designed and developed with the close involvement of end users. However, traditional HCI methods often fail to properly engage neurodivergent users, particularly during the early design phases. To characterize the design challenges and propose techniques to address methodological limitations that currently hinder access to neurodivergent users, in this paper, we make the following contributions: (1) a systematic literature review identifying gaps and opportunities in methodologies for designing interactive technologies for neurodivergent individuals; (2) an online survey gathering insights, challenges, and recommendations from researchers and practitioners for more neuroinclusive practices; and (3) case studies demonstrating adaptive interview methods integrating visual aids and interactive sketching to deeply engage neurodivergent participants. From the literature review, we found that involving neurodivergent users in design enhances engagement to ensure that technology meets their needs, and fosters collaboration and trust for neuroinclusive outcomes. From the survey, we conclude that design studies lack the involvement of neurodivergent older adults, community partnerships are essential for successful recruitment and reduced attrition, and qualitative methods are more commonly employed. The case studies presented demonstrate the feasibility and potential of adaptive interview methods, including visual aids and interactive sketching, to engage neurodivergent participants deeply in the design process. We conclude by discussing common challenges faced and offering practical recommendations for more inclusive and effective design practices in HCI, ultimately promoting greater representation and improved assistive technologies tailored to neurodivergent individuals.
Kalantari et al. (Mon,) studied this question.