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Collaborative e-learning has a set of characteristics which requires interaction and negotiation among learners and teachers. It also needs support to achieve high-level requirements for learning content and systems such as accessibility, reusability, interoperability and adaptability. The focus of this paper is to investigate three commonly used standards in e-learning which are: SCORM, IMS-LD, IEEE and LOM to enhance the characteristics of collaborative e-learning in relation to the features of these standards. Due the lack of collaboration features in these standards, this paper highlights Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) features to fulfill the collaborative e-learning requirements.
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Al-Abri et al. (2016) studied this question.
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