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Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECO2R) to formate is attractive due to its industrial relevance, low electron transfer requirement, and potential for scalable renewable fuel production. However, conventional post-transition metal catalysts often require high overpotentials and exhibit limited activity at elevated current densities. Here, we report the design of indium-doped Bi2S3 nanorods embedded in graphitic carbon nitride (InXBi2S3G), which integrate the favorable oxygen affinity of Bi with electronic modulation from In and enhanced CO2 adsorption on g-C3N4. The optimized In3 Bi2S3G catalyst achieves ≈94% Faradaic efficiency for formate with a partial current density of 85.1 mA cm–2 in a flow cell, delivering a cathodic energy efficiency of 18.2% at −1.03 V vs RHE and sustaining operation for over 60 h. DFT and electrochemical analyses revealed that In incorporation tunes *OCHO binding while suppressing hydrogen evolution, whereas g-C3N4 provides a conductive and CO2-affinitive scaffold. This work establishes InXBi2S3G as a robust and efficient platform for selective ECO2R to formate conversion under industrially relevant conditions.
Mukherjee et al. (Tue,) studied this question.