Architecture meets computation: an overview of the evolution of computational design approaches in architecture

Architecture has always embraced innovative ideas, materials, and techniques. Contemporary architecture is no exception. The emerging computation-based design approaches, known as Computational Design (CD), differ significantly from the previous ones since they ground the design representation in its computational logic instead of its geometric aspects. CD is changing both design theory and practice, but most architects are not yet aware of its impact. To promote a more critical view, while further improving its future application, this paper analyses the course of CD from its origin until today by (1) explaining its evolution since the early 60s, (2) discussing the advancements in CD tools during that period, (3) presenting architectural projects and events that explored CD, and (4) providing a chronology of CD literature. It concludes that, as it happened in the past, technological developments continue to shape architectural theory and practice and, simultaneously, are guided by their needs and aspirations.