Leprosy and the Oral Cavity: A Comprehensive review of Oral Manifestations

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, primarily affecting the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucous membranes. Although its dermatological and neurological presentations are well-documented, oral manifestations—particularly in lepromatous leprosy—are often under-recognized and may significantly impact patient health and disease transmission. This review explores the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical classification, and diagnostic strategies of leprosy, with a focused discussion on its diverse oral presentations. Oral lesions occur predominantly in areas with lower surface temperatures, such as the hard palate, lips, and anterior tongue, and may include nodules, ulcers, fibrosis, and characteristic facial deformities. The review also highlights findings from key studies, underscoring the high prevalence of oral involvement in long-standing leprosy cases and its diagnostic relevance. Increased awareness among dental professionals is essential for early recognition, multidisciplinary management, and reducing the risk of transmission. This article aims to enhance clinical vigilance within the dental community and emphasize the critical role of oral examinations in the comprehensive care of patients with leprosy. Key Words – Leprosy and oral cavity, Oral manifestations of leprosy, Review of leprosy