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. Capsaicin also lowers the compensatory increase of intestinal bile salt hydrolase and regulates the function of bile acid-stimulated receptors. Bioinformatics analysis of ileum gene profiles indicated that regulated genes are primarily linked to immunity. This was confirmed by measuring inflammatory cytokines in serum and pancreas and by assessing immune-related gene expression in the ileum. In conclusion, capsaicin can prevent and treat T2D by modulating gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and inflammatory responses.
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Xia et al. (2026) studied this question.
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