Aerobic Exercise Prevents High-Fat-Diet-Induced Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Male Mice

Figures

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  Figure 1. Aerobic exercise ameliorated HFD-induced adiposity. (A) Food intake and (B) body weight during 12-week feed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. NC. Repeated-measures ANOVA. Data are mean ± SE. n = 22/group. (C) Food intake, (D) body weight, and (E,F) the distribution of adipocyte sizes and histomorphology staining (scale bar = 100 μm) in (G) VAT and (H) SAT during 8 weeks of exercise. (I) Western blot images and quantifications of (J) Perilipin1 and (K) HIF-1α in VAT and SAT after 20 weeks. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. NS. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.01 vs. HS. Two-way ANOVA. Data are mean ± SE. n = 6–9/group. ANOVA = analysis of variance; VAT = visceral adipose tissue; SAT = subcutaneous adipose tissue.

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  Figure 2. Aerobic exercise ameliorates HFD-induced IR. (A) FBG, (B) GTT, AUC of GTT, and (C) HOMA-IR after 12-week feed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. NC. Repeated-measures ANOVA. Data are mean ± SE. n = 22/group. (D) FBG, (E) GTT, AUC of GTT, and (F) HOMA-IR after 8 weeks of exercise. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. NS. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.01 vs. HS. Two-way ANOVA. Data are mean ± SE. n = 6–9/group. ANOVA = analysis of variance; FBG = fasting blood glucose; GTT = glucose tolerance test; AUC = area under the curve; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

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  Figure 3. Effects of aerobic exercise on vascular density and VSMC phenotype switching of adipose. (A) mRNA expression of VEGF in VAT and SAT. (B,C) Immunofluorescence staining with α-SMA (red) and CD31 (green) antibodies in VAT and SAT (scale bar = 100 μm). (D,E) Density of capillary and large vessels of VAT and SAT (scale bar = 100 μm). (F) Western blot images and quantifications of α-SMA and OPN in (G) VAT and (H) SAT. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. NS. # p < 0.05, and ## p < 0.01 vs. HS. Two-way ANOVA. Data are mean ± SE. n = 6–9/group. ANOVA = analysis of variance; VAT = visceral adipose tissue; SAT = subcutaneous adipose tissue; α-SMA = alpha-smooth muscle actin; OPN = osteopontin; VSMC = vascular smooth muscle cells.