Retinal Microvascular Caliber and Incident Depressive Symptoms: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Figure 1. Derivation of the final study populations for analyses of the associations of baseline retinal microvascular caliber (A) and 7.8-year change in retinal microvascular caliber (B) with incident depressive symptoms in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), 2002–2012. Numbers are not mutually exclusive. CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent.

Figure 2. Associations of baseline (visit 2) retinal microvascular caliber (central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE)) with incident depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score ≥16 and/or use of antidepressant medication) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), 2002–2012. Results are shown for baseline CRAE and CRVE expressed per 1–standard-deviation increment at MESA visit 2. Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Model 2 additionally adjusted for educational level, income level, diabetes, body mass index, smoking status, current alcohol use, total cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, use of lipid-modifying medication, diet index, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, and use of antihypertensive medication. Model 3 additionally adjusted for CES-D score at visit 1. Bars, 95% confidence intervals (CIs). HR, hazard ratio.

Figure 3. Continues

Figure 3. Additional analyses of the associations of baseline (visit 2) central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) (A) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) (B) with incident depressive symptoms in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), 2002–2012. Results are reported for baseline CRAE and CRVE expressed per 1–standard-deviation increment at MESA visit 2. Additional analyses: 1) accounting for interval-censored time-to-event data using a parametric model; 2) depressive symptoms defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score ≥16, irrespective of use of antidepressant medication; 3) depressive symptoms defined as CES-D score ≥21 and/or new use of antidepressant medication; 4) depressive symptoms defined as new use of antidepressant medication, irrespective of CES-D score; 5) depressive symptoms defined as both CES-D score ≥16 and new use of antidepressant medication; 6) exclusion of persons with cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline or during follow-up (n = 555); 7) exclusion of persons with dementia at baseline or during follow-up (n = 188); 8) exclusion of persons with any signs of retinopathy at baseline or at visit 5 (n = 685); 9)…