In this paper, various ambient energy-harvesting technologies (solar, thermal, wireless, and piezoelectric) are reviewed in detail and their applicability in the development of self-sustaining wireless platforms is discussed. Specifically, far-field low-power-density energy-harvesting technology is thoroughly investigated and a benchmarking prototype of an embedded microcontroller-enabled sensor platform has been successfully powered by an ambient ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) digital TV signal (512-566 MHz) where a broadcasting antenna is 6.3 km away from the proposed wireless energy-harvesting device. A high-efficiency dual-band ambient energy harvester at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz and an energy harvester for on-body application at 460 MHz are also presented to verify the capabilities of ambient UHF/RF energy harvesting as an enabling technology for Internet of Things and smart skins applications.
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Kim et al. (2014) studied this question.
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