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Abstract Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWIBA), a byproduct of waste-to-energy (WtE) facilities, has emerged as a promising candidate for use both as a sustainable aggregate replacement in concrete and as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). This systematic review and meta-analysis, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, evaluates its mechanical, durability, and environmental impacts. A literature search (2000–2025) across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Engineering Village identified 38 studies with 312 experimental groups. Random-effects meta-analysis showed that MSWIBA replacement up to 20% results in a modest reduction in compressive strength (Standardized Mean Difference SMD = − 0.42, 95% Confidence Interval CI − 0.58 to − 0.26, p 20%) pose challenges.
Sivayogaraj et al. (Fri,) studied this question.