Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activity of hydroalcoholic extract from Jatropha mollissima leaves in Wistar rats

FIGURE 1. Body weight of normal control, doxorubicin, Dox + Jm 400, and Dox + Jm 600. Results are deemed to be statistically significant (*) if p is less than 0.005. For each day, a * denotes statistical significance when compared to the control group, # to Doxorubicin, and $ to Dox + Jm 400.

FIGURE 2. Serum CK-MB levels of normal control, doxorubicin, Dox + Jm 400, and Dox + Jm 600. Results are deemed to be statistically significant (*) if p is less than 0.005. For each day, a * denotes statistical significance when compared to the control group, # to Doxorubicin, and $ to Dox + Jm 400.

FIGURE 3. Serum LDH levels of normal control, doxorubicin, Dox + Jm 400 and Dox + Jm 600. Results are deemed to be statistically significant (*) if p is less than 0.005. For each day, * denotes statistical significance when compared to the control group, # to Doxorubicin, and $ to Dox + Jm 400.

FIGURE 4. Serum Troponin I (cTnI) levels of normal control, doxorubicin, Dox + Jm 400 and Dox + Jm 600. Results are deemed to be statistically significant (*) if p is less than 0.005. For each day, a * denotes statistical significance when compared to the control group, # to Doxorubicin, and $ to Dox + Jm 400.

FIGURE 5. Serum sodium levels of normal control, doxorubicin, Dox + Jm 400, and Dox + Jm 600. Results are deemed to be statistically significant (*) if p is less than 0.005. For each day, a * denotes statistical significance when compared to the control group, # to Doxorubicin, and $ to Dox + Jm 400.

FIGURE 6. Serum potassium levels of normal control, doxorubicin, Dox + Jm 400, and Dox + Jm 600. Results are deemed to be statistically significant (*) if p is less than 0.005. For each day, a * denotes statistical significance when compared to the control group, # to Doxorubicin, and $ to Dox + Jm 400.

FIGURE 7. Histopathological section of the heart; (A) Control group (B) Doxorubicin (10 mg/kg) (C) Treatment group Doxo + Jm 400 mg/kg (D) Treatment group (Doxo + Jm 600 mg/kg) in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. The red arrow represents a healthy cardiomyofibril; the green arrow demonstrates perivascular cuffing of the vasa vasorum, which is associated with intimal fibrosis; the orange arrow demonstrates myocytolysis; and the blue arrow demonstrates myonecrosis.

FIGURE 8. Urine output of normal control, doxorubicin, Dox + Jm 400 and Dox + Jm 600. The results are considered significant (*) if p < 0.005. * indicates p < 0.05 vs. normal control, # indicates p < 0.05 vs. Doxorubicin, $ indicates p < 0.05 vs. Dox + Jm 400 on respective days.

FIGURE 9. Urinary sodium levels of normal control, doxorubicin, Dox + Jm 400 and Dox + Jm 600. The results are considered significant (*) if p < 0.005. * indicates p < 0.05 vs. normal control, # indicates p < 0.05 vs. Doxorubicin, $ indicates p < 0.05 vs. Dox + Jm 400 on respective days.

FIGURE 10. Histopathological section of the kidney; (A) Control group (B) Doxorubicin (C) Treatment group (Dox + Jm 400 mg/kg) (D) Treatment group (Dox + Jm 400 mg/kg) in doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Necrosis atropy detected in epithelial cells of proximal and distal tubule (*); Green arrow indicates widespread oedema, vacuolation, and hydrophic degeneration; Black arrow denotes atrophic glomerulus and extensive capsular space.

FIGURE 11. Cell Viability Assay. Jatropha mollissima extracts on the HepG2 cell line as a percentage of cell viability by MTT assay (A). Jm’s effect on HepG2 as a function of dose (B) Bar chart of Jm effect on HepG2 results 24 h after treatment at various doses on HepG2. One-way ANOVA was used to make the comparisons between the samples. The results were reported as the mean standard error of the mean (n = 3), with triplicates of each experiment included. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001 versus the control group.

FIGURE 12. Morphological observation: (A) Inverted microscopic observation of HepG2 (B) Phase contrast imaging of HepG2, © AO/PI staining-based fluorescent analysis.