Mammalian skeletal muscle can be accurately modeled as a nonlinear force generator bridged by a nonlinear viscous-like element in series with a nonlinear elastic element.
Animal validation of nonlinear muscle modeling supports simulation work; leaves open translation to human cardiovascular mechanics.
A model of mammalian skeletal muscle is developed from experimental results from a rat gracilis anticus muscle at 17.5°C. The approach consists of factoring pertinent variables of muscle contraction (length, force, velocity, and duration of stimulation) into a series of physically realizable functions. The analysis indicates that for lengths less than 120 percent of rest length, mammalian skeletal muscle can be modeled as a nonlinear force generator, a function of length and time, bridged by a nonlinear viscous-like element, a function of time, length, and velocity, in series with a nonlinear elastic element, a function of length. A close correlation exists between the results obtained during an analog computer simulation of the model and those from a typical rat gracilis anticus muscle.
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Alan S. Bahler (1968) studied this question.
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