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Digital product passports (DPP) aim to provide comprehensive information on products throughout their lifecycle, improving decision-making in Circular Economy (CE) strategies. Although Eco-design for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) has outlined requirements for information, technical designs, and operation of DPPs, it does not specify the types of information required at each lifecycle stage or the solution components, which can impact DPP development. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic literature review and examined 25 DPP frameworks across different industries, focusing on four main areas: data carrier, data source, data security, and user access and verification. Findings show that QR codes and RFID tags are commonly used data carriers in the manufacturing and construction industries, and Blockchain technology is the most widely adopted solution for data security. Furthermore, we sorted the types, and suggested information stored in DPPs into four stages of the lifecycle. Our review highlights a lack of efforts to enable information updates during maintenance by third-party service providers in the product use phase after the DPP has been launched. In response, we propose a conceptual blockchain-based DPP framework that supports a dynamic information flow, allowing verified users (e.g., repairers) to update DPPs with necessary lifecycle information (e.g., maintenance details). Implications such as the security of data carrier and identifying critical data for DPP to avoid information overload need to be considered. Advancing DPP with artificial intelligence tools should be explored to predict and estimate the product health to enhance longevity.
Wan et al. (Sat,) studied this question.