Summary Questionnaires are formally vulnerable to faking; but suffer additionally and unnecessarily from lack of agreement regarding the unitary traits through which scales are to be validated. Eight basic requirements for construction of factor-true scales are set out and it is shown that one or more is missing for 80% of recently published studies. Recognition that differences of procedure have, additionally, led to primary and secondary structures, respectively, would also reduce the apparent chaos of trait scale concepts.
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Raymond B. Cattell (1974) studied this question.
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