Forms and Effects of School-Based Management: A Review

Eighty-three empirical studies of school-based management (SBM) were examined in order to determine variations in the forms of SBM in practice and the effects of each variant on students and others involved in SBM implementation. Evidence from the review suggests that SBM takes at least four forms in practice: administrative control, professional control, community control, and equal control. The main features of each of these forms is outlined and especially instructive cases are used for purposes of illustration. Both positive and negative effects on students, teachers, and people in other relevant roles are reported. The review finds little evidence of positive effects on students.