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This study sought to establish the concurrent validity of Hamachek's operationalization of Erikson's psychosocial stage of intimacy/isolation with a measure of counselor trainee empathy. The study surveyed 74 entry-level counseling students. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between the measures of psychosocial stage resolution toward intimacy and counselor trainee empathy.
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Gold et al. (1995) studied this question.
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