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Quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials in cancer therapeutics owing to their tunable optical properties, versatile surface functionalization, and potential for simultaneous imaging and drug delivery. This review focuses on targeted quantum dots (TQDs), highlighting their role in overcoming the limitations of passive drug delivery strategies, such as poor specificity, high systemic toxicity, and limited therapeutic efficacy. We begin by outlining the fundamentals of QDs, including their types, heterostructures, and biomedical formulations. Recent advances in tailoring QD physicochemical properties to the cancer microenvironment are discussed, with emphasis on routes of administration and targeting strategies. The review critically examines different molecular targeting approaches-such as folate receptors, transferrin receptors, aptamers, antibodies, peptides, and hyaluronic acid-used to enhance therapeutic precision. Furthermore, we summarize progress in TQD-based combination therapies, including chemotherapy-photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and multimodal platforms that integrate therapy with imaging. Special attention is given to the role of QDs in theranostic, hydrogels, nanocomposites, and hybrid systems that enable controlled drug release and real-time monitoring. Despite significant advancements, challenges remain regarding biocompatibility, safety, and regulatory approval. Overall, this review provides an integrative perspective on the design, functionalization, and biomedical applications of TQDs, underscoring their potential to improve cancer treatment outcomes through enhanced specificity, reduced side effects, and multifunctional theranostic capabilities. Highlight of novelty: This review uniquely emphasizes the latest advances in targeted quantum dots (TQDs), particularly in surface functionalization, hybrid nanostructures, biodistribution, and multimodal theranostic applications, providing an updated perspective that extends beyond conventional QD-based cancer therapies.
Shukla et al. (Tue,) studied this question.