Hemocompatibile Thin Films Assessed under Blood Flow Shear Forces

Figures

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  Figure 1. (a) FVM meshes of fluid domains of radial flow test; (b) FVM meshes of fluid domains of Impact-R test.

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  Figure 2. (a) Schematic of radial flow chamber; (b) Typical graph pattern obtained from results after the radial flow cell test; (c) Method of applying the solution of morphotic elements to the sample; (d) Experimental setup of radial flow chamber; (e) Tripod-flat stainless-steel disc (80 mm diameter) pierced in its center (1.5 mm orifice diameter).

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  Figure 3. Schematic of Impact-R test [61] (copyright permission has been provided).

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  Figure 4. Contact angle measurements. Images of a water droplet on the surfaces on (a) coating 1 (according to Table 1), (b) coating 2 (according to Table 1), (c) coating 3 (according to Table 1), (d) coating 4 (according to Table 1), (e) Contact angle of the tested coatings.

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  Figure 5. Microstructure TEM analysis of the substrate–layer interaction.

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  Figure 6. (a) Hardness values for 0.5 mN and 1mN; (b) Modulus of elasticity for 0.5 mN and 1 mN; (c) Critical loads: Lc1 [N]—first cohesive cracks, Lc2 [N]—first small area coating delamination, Lc3 [N]—total coating delamination within the scratch track.

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  Figure 7. (a) Concentrations of ATP and (b) ADP/ATP ratio (Median ± quartile deviation; 25th and 75th percentiles) in fibroblasts from the control group and groups exposed to contact with selected coatings. The different letters (a, b, c) indicate statistically significant differences among groups (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05; N = 4–6).

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  Figure 8. (a) Detachment efficiency of Red blood cells after 2.5 min flow; (b) Detachment efficiency of buffy coat after 2.5 min flow; (c) Detachment efficiency of Red blood cells after 5 min flow; (d) Detachment efficiency of buffy coat rate after 5 min flow; (e) Detachment efficiency of Red blood cells after 7.5 min flow; (f) Detachment efficiency of buffy coat after 7.5 min flow; (g) Detachment rate of Red blood cells after 2.5 min flow; (h) Detachment rate of buffy coat after 2.5 min flow; (i) Detachment rate of Red blood cells after 5 min flow; (j) Detachment rate of buffy coat rate after 5 min flow; (k) Detachment rate of Red blood cells after 7.5 min flow; (l) Detachment rate of buffy coat after 7.5 min flow.

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  Figure 9. Blood–material interaction analysis using scanning electron microscopy (a) the occulted blood morphotypes on a-C:H surface; (b) the occulted blood morphotypes on a-C:H:N surface.

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  Figure 10. Blood–material interaction in the dynamic conditions. Bas—negative control, PU—reference substrate-medically used polyurethane, ADP—activated blood-positive control: (a) Activation of P-selectin receptor caused by direct contact with material under high shear condition; (b) Activation of platelet IIb/IIIa receptor caused by direct contact with the tested material under high shear condition; (c) All platelet aggregate caused by direct contact with material under high shear stress; (d) Small platelet aggregate caused by direct contact with material under high shear stress; (e) Large platelet aggregate caused by direct contact with material under high shear stress; (f) Platelet-monocyte aggregates created by direct contact with material under high shear condition; (g) Platelet-derived microparticles created by direct contact with artificial surface under shear stress condition.

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  Figure 11. Results of 3D FVM radial flow test model: (a) Shear stress versus radius (distance from center of model) for models with roughness 10 μm and without roughness, and for analytical solution; (b) Distribution of velocity on the XY cross-section plane of model with roughness 10 μm; (c) Distribution of velocity on the XZ cross-section plane of model with roughness 10 μm. Results of 3D FVM Impact-R test model with roughness 10 μm: (d) Distributions of velocity vectors in whole model-bottom of cone, (e) Distributions of velocity vectors under rotating cone, (f) Distributions of shear stress vectors under rotating cone.