Ryken Grattet, Valerie Jenness, Theodore R. Curry, The Homogenization and Differentiation of Hate Crime Law in the United States, 1978 to 1995: Innovation and Diffusion in the Criminalization of Bigotry, American Sociological Review, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Apr., 1998), pp. 286-307
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Grattet et al. (1998) studied this question.
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