Endothelial cell–cardiomyocyte crosstalk in heart development and disease

Figures

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  Figure 1. Endothelial cell–cardiomyocyte crosstalk during development Secreted molecules and transcription factors mediate a bidirectional signalling between developing endothelial cells (labelled by anti‐CD31 antibodies in green) and cardiomyocytes (labelled by anti‐α‐actinin antibodies in red). The dashed arrows indicate the direction of the signals. Nuclei are stained in blue by 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI). Ang1, angiopoietin‐1; NF1, neurofibromin‐1; NRG‐1, neuregulin‐1; PDGF, platelet‐derived growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

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  Figure 2. Endothelial cell–cardiomyocyte crosstalk during post‐natal life Secreted molecules and gap junctions mediate a bidirectional signalling between adult endothelial cells (labelled by anti‐CD31 antibodies in green) and cardiomyocytes (labelled by anti‐α‐actinin antibodies in red). Nuclei are stained in blue by DAPI. The dashed arrows indicate the direction of the signals. Molecules secreted by endothelial cells are indicated on the left, those secreted by cardiomyocytes on the right, while those secreted by both cell types are in the middle. Ang‐II, angiotensin‐II; ET‐1, endothelin‐1; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; NO, nitric oxide; NRG‐1, neuregulin‐1; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PGI2, prostacyclin; PTHrP, parathyroid hormone‐related peptide.

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  Figure 3. Endothelial cell–cardiomyocyte crosstalk in diabetes and metabolic dysfunction Secreted molecules and exosomes (red circles) mediate a bidirectional signalling between endothelial cells (labelled by anti‐CD31 antibodies in green) and cardiomyocytes (labelled by anti‐α‐actinin antibodies in red) upon exposure to high levels of glucose (blue dots) and fatty acids (yellow dots). FA, fatty acids; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; NO, nitric oxide; NRG‐1, neuregulin‐1; VEGF‐B, vascular endothelial growth factor‐B.

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  Figure 4. Endothelial cell–cardiomyocyte crosstalk during cardiac remodelling Secreted molecules mediate a bidirectional signalling between adult endothelial cells (labelled by anti‐CD31 antibodies in green) and cardiomyocytes (labelled by anti‐α‐actinin antibodies in red) during pathological remodelling. Nuclei are stained in blue by DAPI. The dashed arrows indicate the direction of the signals. Molecules acting in autocrine manner are indicated by curved arrows. APLN, apelin; ET‐1, endothelin‐1; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; NO, nitric oxide; NRG‐1, neuregulin‐1; PLGF, placental growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

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  Figure 5. Endothelial cell‐cardiomyocyte crosstalk during ischaemia Secreted molecules mediate a bidirectional signalling between adult endothelial cells (labelled by anti‐CD31 antibodies in green) and cardiomyocytes (labelled by anti‐α‐actinin antibodies in red) upon ischaemia. Nuclei are stained in blue by DAPI. The dashed arrows indicate the direction of the signals. Molecules secreted by endothelial cells are indicated on the left, while those secreted by both cell types are in the middle. Molecules acting in autocrine manner are indicated by curved arrows. Ang1, angiopoietin‐1; Fstl1, follistatin‐like 1; NRG‐1, neuregulin‐1; PDGF, platelet‐derived growth factor; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor β.