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Carol I. Vandrey is the deputy director of the Critical Care Nursing Course, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC. Karen M. Whitman is a major in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps and the program director of the Critical Care Nursing Course, Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The views presented here are those of the authors and do not represent official policies of either the Department of Defense or the Department of the Army.
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Vandrey et al. (2001) studied this question.
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