Experimental study in gaseous helium at low temperature (4 K) of thermal convection up to a Rayleigh number R=10¹¹. Three regimes are observed, a chaotic state up to R=2.5×10⁵, a soft-turbulence state up to R=4×10⁷, and then a hard-turbulence state. We associate those three regimes to the boundary-layer formation and dynamics.
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Heslot et al. (1987) studied this question.
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