Gesture

The integration of gesture with speech production is described, and the various ways in which—in conversational settings—gesture functions in relation to spoken discourse are discussed. Cultural differences in gesture use are outlined, and the possible relationship between these differences and language differences, on the one hand, and the microecology of social life, on the other, are considered. Conventionalization in speech-associated gestures and in gestures that can be used without speech is discussed. Various kinds of “gesture systems” and sign languages used in speaking communities (alternate sign languages) are described along with their relationships to spoken language. Fully autonomous sign languages, as developed among the deaf, are briefly considered in regard to how signs and signing may be related to gestures and gesturing.