Ronald L. Simons, Les B. Whitbeck, Jay Beaman, Rand D. Conger, The Impact of Mothers' Parenting, Involvement by Nonresidential Fathers, and Parental Conflict on the Adjustment of Adolescent Children, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 56, No. 2 (May, 1994), pp. 356-374
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Simons et al. (1994) studied this question.
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