The stated mission of the International City/County Management Association (ICMA) is to create excellence in local government by developing and fostering professional local government worldwide. Agreement to adhere to the ICMA Code of Ethics is a requirement for membership and is intended to further the mission by providing principles of conduct to members. A review of all violation cases presented to the ICMA board from 1998 to 2008 that resulted in some form of sanction demonstrates that virtue-based code tenets have been invoked more frequently than deontological or act-based tenets. The board is apparently as concerned with the member's character as with his or her conduct.
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Eskridge et al. (2012) studied this question.
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