Internal-Wave-Driven Mixing: Global Geography and Budgets

Abstract Internal-wave-driven dissipation rates ε and diapycnal diffusivities K are inferred globally using a finescale parameterization based on vertical strain applied to ~30 000 hydrographic casts. Global dissipations are 2.0 ± 0.6 TW, consistent with internal wave power sources of 2.1 ± 0.7 TW from tides and wind. Vertically integrated dissipation rates vary by three to four orders of magnitude with elevated values over abrupt topography in the western Indian and Pacific as well as midocean slow spreading ridges, consistent with internal tide sources. But dependence on bottom forcing is much weaker than linear wave generation theory, pointing to horizontal dispersion by internal waves and relatively little local dissipation when forcing is strong. Stratified turbulent bottom boundary layer thickness variability is not consistent with OGCM parameterizations of tidal mixing. Average diffusivities K = (0.3–0.4) × 10 −4 m 2 s −1 depend only weakly on depth, indicating that ε = KN 2 / γ scales as N 2 such that the bulk of the dissipation is in the pycnocline and less than 0.08-TW dissipation below 2000-m depth. Average diffusivities K approach 10 −4 m 2 s −1 in the bottom 500 meters above bottom (mab) in height above bottom coordinates with a 2000-m e- folding scale. Average dissipation rates ε are 10 −9 W kg −1 within 500 mab then diminish to background deep values of 0.15 × 10 −9 W kg −1 by 1000 mab. No incontrovertible support is found for high dissipation rates in Antarctic Circumpolar Currents or parametric subharmonic instability being a significant pathway to elevated dissipation rates for semidiurnal or diurnal internal tides equatorward of 28° and 14° latitudes, respectively, although elevated K is found about 30° latitude in the North and South Pacific.