Effects of Enhanced Intracranial Pressure on Blood Pressure and the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Rabbits

Figures

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  Fig.1. Schema of the measurement system of CAVI in the anesthetized rabbit. Indicated is the positional relationship between each parameter and the catheter in the increased intracranial pressure model. To measure the intracranial pressure, the right frontal bone was drilled, and the catheter inserted into the subarachnoid space. A puncture was made into the cisterna magna using a 22-G needle, followed by saline injection.

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  Fig.2. Reaction under various conditions (no drug, 10 mg/kg hexamethonium, 100 mg/kg hexamethonium) with increased intracranial pressure. Under hexamethonium treatment, intracranial pressure increased significantly compared to the control. There was no significant difference between timepoints under each condition. ＊ p ＜0.05 vs control at each timepoint, ＊＊ p ＜0.01 vs control at each timepoint, ＊＊＊ p ＜0.001 vs control at each timepoint.

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  Fig.3. Intracranial pressure and change of fluctuation with each parameter. Intracranial pressure was significantly increased compared to the control. Blood pressure and cardio-ankle vascular index presented significant upward tendency with increasing intracranial pressure. ＊ p ＜0.05 vs control on each time and parameter, ＊＊ p ＜0.01 vs control on each time and parameter. BP, blood pressure; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; HR, heart rate; CCF, common carotid flow; CVP, central venous pressure. ΔBP; change of fluctuation with blood pressure, ΔCAVI; change of fluctuation with CAVI, ΔHR; change of fluctuation with HR, ΔCCF; change of fluctuation with CCF, ΔCVP; change of fluctuation with CVP

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  Fig.4. A comparison of hexamethonium use for each parameter. When no drug and low concentration hexamethonium were compared, no statistical difference was observed in CVP, but each reaction was suppressed in an almost dose-dependent manner. ※ p ＜0.05, ※※ p ＜0.01, ※※※ p ＜0.001; no drug vs low dose hexamethonium at the same timepoint for each condition. # p ＜0.05, ## p ＜0.01, ### p ＜0.001; no drug vs high dose hexamethonium at the same timepoint for each condition. ＋ p ＜0.05, ＋＋ p ＜0.01, ＋＋＋ p ＜0.001; low dose vs high dose hexamethonium at the same timepoint for each condition. BP, blood pressure; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; HR, heart rate; CCF, common carotid flow; CVP, central venous pressure. ΔBP; the change of fluctuation with blood pressure, ΔCAVI; the change of fluctuation with CAVI, ΔHR; the change of fluctuation with HR, ΔCCF; the change of fluctuation with CCF, ΔCVP; the change of fluctuation with CVP

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  Fig.5.. All parameters showed a concentration-dependent suppression tendency with respect to hexamethonium