Influence of daily beer or ethanol consumption on physical fitness in response to a high-intensity interval training program. The BEER-HIIT study

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Flow-chart diagram

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  Fig. 2. Changes in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max.) in absolute (a) and relative terms (b), maximal heart rate (c), and total test duration (d) before and after the intervention study. P-value [time, group, and interaction (time x group)] of repeated measure analysis of variance. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 for total sample, ö p < 0.05, öö p < 0.01, ööö, p < 0.001 for women, å p < 0.05, åå p < 0.01, ååå p < 0.001 for men, obtained by Student’s paired t-test. Data are shown as means. Abbreviations: T-Beer, group that performed HIIT and consumed alcohol beer; T-0.0Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed non-alcoholic beer; T-Water, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water; T-Ethanol, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water with added alcohol

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  Fig. 3. Changes in total hand grip (a), squat jump (b), counter-movement jump (c), Abalakov jump (d), and drop jump (e) before and after the intervention study. P-value [time, group, and interaction (time x group)] of repeated measure analysis of variance. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 for total sample, ö p < 0.05, for women, å p < 0.05 for men, obtained by Student’s paired t-test. Data are shown as means. Abbreviations: SJ, squat jump; CMJ, counter-movement jump; ABKJ, Abalakov jump; DJ, drop jump; T-Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed alcohol beer; T-0.0Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed non-alcoholic beer; T-Water, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water; T-Ethanol, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water with alcohol added

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  Fig. 4. Changes in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max.) in absolute (a) and relative terms (b), maximal heart rate (c), and total test duration (d), after the intervention study between the five groups. Significant differences between groups applying an analysis of covariance adjusting for baseline values with post hoc Bonferroni-corrected t-test are indicated as: * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Data are shown as means ± standard error of the mean. Abbreviations: ɳ2, partial eta squared; T-Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed alcohol beer; T-0.0Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed non-alcoholic beer; T-Water, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water; T-Ethanol, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water with alcohol added

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  Fig. 5. Changes in total hand grip (a), squat jump (b), counter-movement jump (c), Abalakov jump (d), and drop jump (e), after the intervention study between the five groups. Data are shown as means ± standard error of the mean. Abbreviations: ɳ2, partial eta squared; SJ, squat jump; CMJ, counter-movement jump; ABKJ, Abalakov jump; DJ, drop jump; T-Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed alcohol beer; T-0.0Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed non-alcoholic beer; T-Water, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water; T-Ethanol, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water with alcohol added