Regional Biospheric Carbon Fluxes as Inferred From Atmospheric Co₂measurements

Land ecosystems are currently absorbing ∼30% of fossil CO2 emissions. However, the role of land ecosystems as sources or sinks of carbon in response to human perturbation is not well understood. One key issue is to better diagnose the flux of carbon exchanged between continents and the atmosphere at the regional level. We have analyzed the constraints that today's unevenly distributed global network of atmospheric CO2 measurements put on one's ability to understand and pinpoint biospheric CO2 fluxes. We constructed an inverse model using atmospheric CO2 observations and atmospheric transport to infer the mean spatial distribution of CO2 terrestrial fluxes. CO2 fluxes can be inferred over large regions of the globe, such as continents or large ocean gyres. The target period for the inversion procedure is 1985–1995. The inversion produces a global ocean uptake of 1.5 ± 0.5 Pg C/yr and a global land sink of 1.3 ± 1.5 Pg C/yr (1 Pg = 1015 g = 109 metric tons = 1 Gt). There is a net terrestrial carbon uptake at northern mid-latitudes (2.1 ± 1.3 Pg C/yr) and a net release in the tropics (1.1 ± 1 Pg C/yr). In the Southern Hemisphere, at least over South America and Africa, our results indicate that tropical deforestation either has been overestimated or is currently offset by other sinks. However, the sparse spatial coverage of atmospheric observations around the Equator does not allow us to partition the inferred fluxes between South America and Africa separately. In the Northern Hemisphere, where more stations are available, we obtain an uptake of 0.5 ± 0.6 Pg C/yr over North America, 0.3 ± 0.8 Pg C/yr over Europe, and 1.3 ± 0.8 Pg C/yr over Siberia. We analyze uncertainties in these estimates in the light of the atmospheric measurements and the transport model that we used.