TGFβ and CIS Inhibition Overcomes NK-cell Suppression to Restore Antitumor Immunity

Antibodies targeting "immune checkpoints" have revolutionized cancer therapy by reactivating tumor-resident cytotoxic lymphocytes, primarily CD8+ T cells. Interest in targeting analogous pathways in other cytotoxic lymphocytes is growing. Natural killer (NK) cells are key to cancer immunosurveillance by eradicating metastases and driving solid tumor inflammation. NK-cell antitumor function is dependent on the cytokine IL15. Ablation of the IL15 signaling inhibitor CIS (Cish) enhances NK-cell antitumor immunity by increasing NK-cell metabolism and persistence within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME has also been shown to impair NK-cell fitness via the production of immunosuppressive transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), a suppression which occurs even in the presence of high IL15 signaling. Here, we identified an unexpected interaction between CIS and the TGFβ signaling pathway in NK cells. Independently, Cish- and Tgfbr2-deficient NK cells are both hyperresponsive to IL15 and hyporesponsive to TGFβ, with dramatically enhanced antitumor immunity. Remarkably, when both these immunosuppressive genes are simultaneously deleted in NK cells, mice are largely resistant to tumor development, suggesting that combining suppression of these two pathways might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance innate anticancer immunity.