Earth-moving machines such as hydraulic excavators are usually used for carrying out contact tasks. Impedance control can be employed as an approach for achieving compliant motion in such tasks. This paper describes a position-based impedance controller that has been developed in our laboratory for excavator-type manipulators, and presents the supporting experimental results. First, the problem of impedance control for a single hydraulic cylinder is addressed and a method is presented to analyze the system stability. The steady-state position and force tracking accuracy of the closed-loop system is also studied. Next, the problem of impedance control for a multi-link hydraulic excavator is addressed and the arm Jacobian and accurate estimates of the arm inertial terms are employed to map the desired impedance of the end-effector (bucket of the excavator) onto the hydraulic cylinders. Various contact experiments carried out using an instrumented mini-excavator demonstrate that the proposed impedance controller has very good performance for both single-link and multilink cases.
Tafazoli et al. (Wed,) studied this question.