Diffusion Acceleration with Gaussian process Estimated Reconstruction (DAGER)

PURPOSE: Image acceleration provides multiple benefits to diffusion MRI, with in-plane acceleration reducing distortion and slice-wise acceleration increasing the number of directions that can be acquired in a given scan time. However, as acceleration factors increase, the reconstruction problem becomes ill-conditioned, particularly when using both in-plane acceleration and simultaneous multislice imaging. In this work, we develop a novel reconstruction method for in vivo MRI acquisition that provides acceleration beyond what conventional techniques can achieve. THEORY AND METHODS: We propose to constrain the reconstruction in the spatial (k) domain by incorporating information from the angular (q) domain. This approach exploits smoothness of the signal in q-space using Gaussian processes, as has previously been exploited in post-reconstruction analysis. We demonstrate in-plane undersampling exceeding the theoretical parallel imaging limits, and simultaneous multislice combined with in-plane undersampling at a total factor of 12. This reconstruction is cast within a Bayesian framework that incorporates estimation of smoothness hyper-parameters, with no need for manual tuning. RESULTS: Simulations and in vivo results demonstrate superior performance of the proposed method compared with conventional parallel imaging methods. These improvements are achieved without loss of spatial or angular resolution and require only a minor modification to standard pulse sequences. CONCLUSION: The proposed method provides improvements over existing methods for diffusion acceleration, particularly for high simultaneous multislice acceleration with in-plane undersampling.