Speed Limits or Parking Bans: Which Policy Best Transforms Streets for Walking and Cycling?

This research investigates the effects of parking management and speed management policies on walkability and bikeability in the Dutch cities of Amersfoort and Zwolle using scenario simulation. Starting from the two macro groups of policies, four scenarios were created: current conditions, parking removal, speed reduction, and comprehensive redesign. Findings suggest that while broad city-level transformation is limited when applying single policies, important neighbourhood-scale improvements emerge. The interplay between street design, greenery, presence of water, and parking-related hazards significantly shapes the measured indicators. Combined policy packages, rather than isolated interventions, produce the strongest effects. The study additionally reflects on the methodological strengths and limitations for policy scenario simulation finding it a promising instrument.