Biofunctional Surface Modification of Polymeric Implants for Biomedical Applications

The engineering of the polymer biological interface remains a challenge as it governs responses, such as protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and bacterial colonization, thereby maintaining long‐term biocompatibility. Although polymers are widely used in biomedical implants, the challenges of pristine surfaces in directly interacting with complex physiological environments remain a major challenge. Surface modification is therefore essential for tailoring polymer interfaces to achieve optimal biological and functional performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of polymeric materials employed in biomedical implants and the surface modification strategies used to enhance their performance. Both biodegradable and non‐biodegradable polymers are discussed, with emphasis on approaches that enhance surface hydrophilicity, mechanical integrity, and interfacial bioactivity while imparting antibacterial, antifouling, and antithrombogenic properties.