Ratio of waist circumference to body mass index: A novel predictor of clinical outcome in hypertension patients

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Flow chart of selection of eligible participants. NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. NDI, National Death Index.

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  FIGURE 2. Kaplan‐Meier plots in patients with hypertension by WtBR quintiles. The survival comparison among groups was adjusted by the Bonferroni‐Holm method. WtBR quintiles were acquired from all patients with hypertension. Q1: 1.8‐3.18; Q2: 3.18‐3.39; Q3: 3.39‐3.55; Q4: 3.55‐3.75; Q5: 3.75‐4.86. WtBR, waist circumference‐to‐BMI ratio.

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  FIGURE 3. Restricted cubic splines for the association between WtBR and all‐cause death based on cox regression analysis. The median WtBR of 3.47 was set as a reference. Multiple covariates were adjusted in the model, including age (<45 years or ≥45 years), race, PIR levels, education, physical activity, smoking, drinking, total‐to‐HDL cholesterol, diabetes, sodium intake, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. WtBR, waist circumference‐to‐BMI ratio.

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  FIGURE 4. Variable importance of the input variables based on the random forest supervised machine learning method. The mean decrease Gini index indicates the importance of a variable. A higher mean decrease Gini index refers to a more important variable. WtBR, waist circumference‐to‐BMI ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CAD, coronary artery disease.

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  FIGURE 5. Sensitivity analysis of the associations between WtBR and all‐cause death across BMI categories, abdominal adiposity (waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in males or ≥ 88 cm in females) or the administration of anti‐hypertensive medication. The associations were adjusted for age (<45 years or ≥45 years), sex, race, PIR levels, education, physical activity, smoking, drinking, total‐to‐HDL cholesterol, diabetes, and sodium intake. WtBR, waist circumference‐to‐BMI ratio.

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  FIGURE 6. The receiver operating characteristic curve of the model performance. The area under the curve was 0.783 in the testing set.