The reduction of the environmental impact of Cruise and Ferry port activities through the electrification of passenger terminals with onshore power supply: implications for operators’ insurance coverage

Maritime passenger transport plays a significant role in national economies, particularly in regions where tourism contributes substantially to GDP. However, vessels at berth generate considerable atmospheric emissions. In response, European and international regulatory frameworks increasingly promote port electrification through Onshore Power Supply (OPS) systems as a key decarbonization measure. This research examines how the implementation of OPS in passenger terminals reshapes the allocation of operational responsibilities and insurable interests among shipowners, port authorities, and electricity distribution operators. The study identifies emerging liability exposures and evaluates the adequacy of existing insurance coverage frameworks. The study applies doctrinal legal analysis combined with regulatory review and operational risk mapping. Relevant European maritime and environmental regulations are examined alongside contractual and insurance structures applicable to port operations. Preliminary findings indicate that the transition from onboard fossil-fuel energy generation to shore-based electricity supply alters the technical and contractual architecture of passenger port operations. New risk scenarios include power supply interruptions, voltage fluctuation damage, fire hazards, cyber risks linked to smart-grid integration, and expanded third-party liability exposure. Existing marine and port insurance products do not comprehensively address these hybrid risk profiles. Port electrification represents both an environmental transformation and a structural reconfiguration of risk distribution within port ecosystems. A reassessment of liability allocation mechanisms and insurance coverage models is required to ensure legal certainty and financial resilience in the context of maritime decarbonization.