Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis

, 95% credible interval (CrI) -2.7, -1.57), waist circumference (MD -1.34 cm, 95% CrI -2.33, -0.35), total cholesterol (MD -6.55 mg/dL, 95% CrI -10.61, -2.45), triglycerides (MD -3.71 mg/dL, 95% CrI -5.76, -1.67), leptin (MD -3.99 ng/mL, 95% CrI -4.68, -3.3), and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) (MD -1.21 mg/L, 95% CrI -1.45, -0.97). Synbiotics were effective in reducing BMI-z score (MD -0.07, 95% CrI -0.10, -0.04) and LDL-C (MD -1.54 mg/dL, 95% CrI -1.98, -1.09) but led to a slight increase in fasting glucose (MD 1.12 mg/dL, 95% CrI 0.75, 1.49). Single-ingredient prebiotics and single-strain probiotics also had some beneficial effects on BMI and Hs-CRP, respectively. Moderate to low evidence suggests MSP may be a potential choice for improving BMI and reducing lipids, leptin, and Hs-CRP levels, implying that MSP could aid in managing pediatric obesity and related metabolic issues by modulating the gut microbiota. Although synbiotics show their favorable effects on body metrics and lipid control, their potential impact on blood glucose currently prevents them from being an alternative to MSP for treating pediatric obesity. Further large-scale, well-designed studies are needed to confirm these findings.