Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Fabricius, C., C. Folke, G. Cundill, and L. Schultz. 2007. Powerless spectators, coping actors, and adaptive co-managers: a synthesis of the role of communities in ecosystem management. Ecology and Society 12(1): 29. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02072-120129
Fabricius et al. (2007) studied this question.