The autonomous self versus the relational self: A developmental perspective

The concept of the self is an important construct in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice. Contemporary theorists are interested in how the sense of self develops and what comprises psychological health. This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature which suggests that the tension between autonomous and relational strivings is a critical aspect of personality development. The authors describe this dilemma from its first appearance in toddlerhood. The paper concludes with two clinical examples to illustrate how the clinician's understanding of the ongoing tensions between these two needs can alter and enhance dynamic understanding of the patient.