A new view on attack of stone monuments by global anthropogenic nitrogen deposition and microorganisms

Global increasing emission and deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) species poses an alarming threat to the cultural heritage and infrastructure. Specifically, this triggers acid rain, abiotic corrosion, and accelerated biodegradation. Given the insufficient information on the intricate mechanisms driving these deterioration processes, we proposes a conceptual framework that links anthropogenic disturbances to the degradation to provide evidence-based insights for conservation strategies and management.