Political participation in Beijing

Preface 1. Introduction A. Impact of Institutional Setting on Stage of the Policy Process People Participate In B. Impact of Institutional Setting on Primary Strategy for Participation C. Institutional Settings, Resources, and Political Participation in Beijing D. Definition of Political Participation E. Effectiveness of Participation F. Data G. The Validity of the Survey H. Overview of the Book 2. Forms of Citizen Participation in Beijing A. Elections B. Persuading Others to Attend Campaign or Briefing Meetings C. Campaigns for Candidates D. Persuading Others to Boycott Unfair Elections E. Personal Contacting F. Contacting Leaders of Work Units G. Appeals through the Bureaucratic Hierarchy H. Complaints through Political Organizations I. Complaints through the Trade Unions J. Complaints through Deputies to the People's Congresses K. Reports to Complaint Bureaus at Higher Levels L. Letter Writing to Government Officials M. Letter Writing to Editors of Newspapers N. Guanxi and Gifts in Exchange for Help O. Strikes and Slowdowns on the job P. Organizing Groups to Fight against Leaders Q. Whipping up Public Opinion against Leaders R. Going to Court S. Big-Character Posters T. Demonstrations U. Conclusion 3. The Extent of Citizen Participation A. Methodology B. How Much Participation Is There in Beijing? C. How Widespread Is Participation in Beijing? D. Conclusion 4. Modes of Political Participation in China A. Dimensions of Participation B. The Dimensions and Modes of Activity C. An Empirical Test of the Modes of Participation D. The Rotated-Factor Solution E. Confirmatory Factor Analysis F. The Relationships among Factors G. Conclusion 5. Understanding Voting in Beijing A. The Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Voter Turnout B. Isolating the Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Danwei on Voter Turnout C. Party Affiliation and Voter Turnout D. Age, Gender, and Turnout E. Conclusion 6. Campaign Activities and Election Boycotts A. Campaign Activities B. Election Boycotts C. Conclusion 7. Appeal Activities in Beijing A. State, Society, and Appeal Making in China B. Multivariate Analysis of Appeals C. Confrontational versus Conciliatory Appeals D. Conclusion 8. Adversarial Activities, Resistance, and Cronyism A. Adversarial Activities B. Resistance C. Cronyism D. Conclusion 9. Conclusion A. Theoretical Reflections,br> B. The Future of Chinese Democracy Appendix: Sample Design Notes Index