A Short-Term Response of Soil Microbial Communities to Cadmium and Organic Substrate Amendment in Long-Term Contaminated Soil by Toxic Elements

Two soils contaminated by toxic elements differing in long-term contamination were compared in a microcosm experiment for changes in microbial community structure and respiration after various treatments. We observed that the extent of long-term contamination (over 200 years) by toxic elements did not change the total numbers and diversity of bacteria but influenced the community composition. Namely, numbers of Actinobacteria determined by specific qPCR increased and also the proportion of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi increased in Illumina sequences in the more contaminated soil. In the experiment, secondary disturbance by supplemented cadmium (three doses) and organic substrates (cellobiose or straw) increased bacterial diversity in the less contaminated soil and decreased it in the more contaminated soil. Respiration in the experiment was higher in the more contaminated soil in all the treatments and correlated with bacterial numbers. Considering the most significant changes in community structure, it seemed that particularly Actinobacteria withstand contamination by toxic elements. The results proved higher resistance to secondary disturbance in terms of both, respiration and community structure in the less contaminated soil.