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This paper studies the positioning capabilities offered by currently operational fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks operating in the n78 band. We consider four mobile operators in Milan, Italy, and compare their network readiness for positioning by passively measuring and analyzing the Time of Arrival (ToA) and the received power extracted from Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) signals periodically broadcasted by the base stations. We focus on urban and rural areas, showing that the TOA accuracy significantly varies over the two types of areas and among network operators. Our operator-agnostic analysis reveals that the current state of network synchronization presents strong issues that hinder positioning services at present. Major efforts on synchronization protocols and technologies are required by telecommunication manufacturers and operators.
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Barbieri et al. (2025) studied this question.
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