Spiritual Leadership, Follower Mediators, and Organizational Outcomes: Evidence From Three Industries Across Two Major Chinese Societies¹

Spiritual leadership process was investigated across 2 major Chinese societies (China and Taiwan) and 3 major Chinese industries (manufacturing, financial/banking, and retailing service industries). The leader's factors of spiritual leadership, vision, hope/faith, and altruistic love by Fry (2003 ) were found to be mediated by 3 types of follower's factors to influence organizational outcomes; namely, (a) employee spiritual attribute toward work— meaning / calling ; (b) employee spiritual attribute toward organization/team— membership ; and (c) employee spiritual attribute toward inner self— self‐esteem and self‐efficacy . The inner‐self aspect of spirituality was found, over and above the other 2 types of follower's factors, to impact on the organizational outcomes, including self‐career management behavior and productivity. This pattern was consistent across all Chinese samples and industries.