Saddlepoint approximations for the Bingham and Fisher–Bingham normalising constants

The Fisher-Bingham distribution is obtained when a multivariate normal random vector is conditioned to have unit length. Its normalising constant can be expressed as an elementary function multiplied by the density, evaluated at 1, of a linear combination of independent noncentral chi(1)(2) random variables. Hence we may approximate the normalising constant by applying a saddlepoint approximation to this density. Three such approximations, implementation of each of which is straightforward, are investigated: the first-order saddlepoint density approximation, the second-order saddlepoint density approximation and a variant of the second-order approximation which has proved slightly more accurate than the other two. The numerical and theoretical results we present show that this approach provides highly accurate approximations in a broad spectrum of cases.