Exercise modulates sympathetic and vascular function in chronic kidney disease

Figures

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  Figure 1. CONSORT diagram. The diagram depicts patient flow through the randomized clinical trial.

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  Figure 2. Change in muscle sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA) burst frequency. (A–D) MSNA burst incidence from baseline (Pre) to 12 weeks (Post) of aerobic exercise training (n = 16) versus control stretching (n = 13) interventions in patients with chronic kidney disease. Open circles depict individual values for each study participant, and bar graphs depict the mean ± SD values at baseline and 12 weeks within each group. P values above bracket denote statistically significant difference in the change from baseline to 12 weeks between groups (group × time interaction) by 2 way-repeated ANOVA. P values on either side of bracket denote within-group comparison from baseline to 12 weeks by independent 2-tailed t tests.

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  Figure 3. Association between augmentation index (AIx) and muscle sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA). (A–D)Association between AIx and MSNA burst frequency (A) and MSNA burst incidence (B) as well as between AIx corrected for heart rate at 75 (AIx@HR75) and MSNA burst frequency (C) and MSNA burst incidence (D) at baseline in patients with chronic kidney disease (n = 27). The r and P values denote the linear relationship by Pearson correlation tests.

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  Figure 4. Association between muscle sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA). (A–D) Association between MSNA burst frequency and MSNA burst incidence at baseline and the change from baseline to 12 weeks in Exercise group (A and C, respectively; n = 16) and in control Stretching group (B and D, respectively; n = 13). The r and P values denote the linear relationship by Pearson correlation tests. Closed circles depict individual values for each study participant in the Exercise group, while open circles depict individual values for each study participant in the control Stretching group.

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  Figure 5. Association between AIx and AIx@HR75. (A–D) Association between augmentation index (AIx) and AIx corrected for heart rate at 75 (AIx@HR75) at baseline and the change from baseline to 12 weeks in Exercise group (A and C, respectively; n = 22) and in control Stretching group (B and D, respectively, n = 21). The r and P values denote the linear relationship by Pearson correlation tests. Closed circles depict individual values for each study participant in the exercise group, while open circles depict individual values for each study participant in the control stretching group.

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  Figure 6. Association between attended exercise sessions and change in muscle sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA). (A and B) Association between attended exercise sessions and the change from baseline to 12 weeks in MSNA burst frequency and MSNA burst incidence in the Exercise group (A and B, respectively; n = 16). The r and P values denote the linear relationship by Pearson correlation tests.