Headwaters to valley: Water quality in rivers transitioning from forest to agricultural bottomland

Many waterways flow out of forestlands, which tend to maintain higher water quality, into agricultural lands, which tend to degrade water quality. The roles of land cover in impacting key water quality parameters (phosphorus, nitrogen, total suspended solids, bacteria, and conductivity) were investigated for the watershed of the North and South Fork of the Shenandoah River, Virginia. This area has a particularly sharp boundary between heavily forested and heavily agricultural regions. Two datasets were analyzed: 1) a large number of datapoints spanning a 20-year range in the Water Quality Portal (WQP) database, and 2) transects along three representative rivers systems over the span of a 4-year period. All parameters trended better in forested regions than agricultural regions. This was particularly true for nitrogen and conductivity; phosphorus, TSS and bacteria showed more local variability, especially in the agricultural region. Periods of high flow increased phosphorus, sediment and bacteria concentrations, and decreased conductivity, but not when drainage basin forest cover was less than 80%. Transects showed that waterways flowing out of forestland maintained higher water quality for approximately the first 8 km in agricultural land. Both transect and WQP data indicated higher water quality when the percent of forested land cover in a drainage basin was about 70-80%. Thus, forestland does mitigate the impacts of agriculture on water quality to some degree, but this effect rapidly diminishes as forest cover of the watershed lessens. Furthermore, forests themselves have degraded water quality at certain times and places; for instance, nutrients level were in the medium to high stress level for aquatic life in approximately 15% of samples. This study illustrates general trends of land cover effects on water quality, while also highlighting both site-specific variability, and the dynamics of water quality as water flows out of forested areas into agricultural areas.