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In southern Algeria, diesel generators (DGs) and small-scale off-grid systems are the primary power sources for powering remote regions. These systems are unreliable, uneconomical, and environmentally unsustainable for achieving the goals of Algeria's renewable energy transition. For this context, this paper aims to explore the techno-economic feasibility of three hybrid energy systems using advanced storage systems to electrify households and agricultural lands in the Indalek area. These systems are a photovoltaic (PV) /diesel (DG) /battery energy storage system (BESS), a hydrogen-based PV/DG/fuel cell (FC) /BESS, and a hydrogen-based PV/DG/FC/pump hydro-storage (PHS) system. First, Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewable (HOMER) software is used to conduct the techno-economic and environmental analysis to select the appropriate system. Second, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method is applied to optimize the environmental performance of the optimal configuration based on the derating factor (Fd) and the reliability level reliability 1-loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The optimization is formulated as a single-objective problem, aiming to maximize renewable fraction (RF), which indirectly leads to reduced CO2 emissions. The simulation results indicate that the hydrogen-based PV/DG/FC/PHS system is the optimal system, consisting of 41. 2 kW PV arrays, 100 kW DG, 250 kW FC, 50 kW electrolyzer, 19. 2 kW converter, 10 kg of the hydrogen tank, and 3000 m3 reservoir. This system achieves the most techno-economic and environmental performance, with the net present cost of 284 143. 20, cost of energy of 0. 364 /kW h, operating cost of 1216, reliability level of 97. 28% (LPSP = 0. 0272), unmet load of 0%, autonomy energy of 98. 65%, RF of 91. 8%, and CO2 emissions of 67 440 kg/yr. The environmental performance optimization outcomes of the hydrogen-based PV/DG/FC/PHS configuration demonstrate that at the reliability level of 100% (LPSP = 0) and the Fd of 80%, the RF increases to 99. 999%, while the CO2 decreases to 62 289 kg/yr compared to the scenario with the Fd of 60%.
Bekhti et al. (Mon,) studied this question.