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An alternative derivation of the spacecraft attitude determination filter is developed to avoid questions of quater-nion normalization or attitude matrix orthogonality constraints, quaternion covariance, and subterfuges used to circumvent these problems. This derivation is based on the Bortz equation for the rotation vector. Because the rotation vector is an unconstrained representation of attitude, the aforementioned questions do not arise. Singularities in the state dynamics equation are avoided by maintaining the predicted body attitude as the inertial reference for the filter. A simple discrete solution to the Bortz equation provides accurate attitude propagation for highly maneuverable spacecraft and also in the presence of jitter.
Mark E. Pittelkau (Sat,) studied this question.